Definition

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) I is disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which one or more of the endocrine glands have too much tissue or form a tumor. Endocrine glands include the parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary, adrenals, or thyroid.

Alternative Names

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

MEN I is caused by a defect in a gene called RET. The condition causes tumors of various glands to appear in the same person, but not necessarily at the same time. The disorder may occur at any age, and affects men and women equally.

Most persons with MEN I seek medical treatment for a severe form of peptic ulcer disease caused by a tumor in the pancreas and symptoms related to low blood sugar, high blood calcium, kidney stones, or pituitary problems (such as headache).

Risk factors for MEN I include a family history of this disorder, a previous pituitary tumor, and a history of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary greatly from person to person. They may include:

• Abdominal pain
• Burning, aching, or hunger discomfort in the upper abdomen or lower chest that is relieved by antacids, milk, or food
• Black, tarry stools
• Nausea and vomiting
• Bloated feeling after meals
• Weakness
• Headache
• Vision problems
• Loss of coordination
• Anxiety
• Mental changes or confusion
• Coma (if hypoglycemia is untreated)
• Loss of appetite
• Muscle pain
• Fatigue
• Sensitivity to the cold
• Unintentional weight loss
• Low blood pressure
• Loss of underarm or pubic hair
• In women, cessation of menses, infertility, or failure to produce breast milk
• In men, decreased sexual interest, loss of body or facial hair

Signs and tests

Tests to diagnose MEN I may include:

• MRI of abdomen
• MRI of the head
• CT of abdomen
• Cranial CT scan
• Parathyroid biopsy
• Insulin test
• Fasting blood sugar
• Serum glucagon
• Serum gastrin
• Serum calcium
• Serum parathyroid hormone
• Serum prolactin
• Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (rarely used)
• Cortisol
• Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone
• Serum luteinizing hormone
• Serum follicle stimulating hormone

Treatment

Surgery to remove the diseased gland is the treatment of choice, although a medication called bromocriptine may be used for pituitary tumors that release a hormone called prolactin.

Hormone replacement therapy is given when glands are removed or do not produce enough hormones.

Support Groups

Expectations (prognosis)

Pituitary and parathyroid tumors are usually benign, but some tumors may become malignant (cancerous). These can lower life expectancy.

The symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, hypoglycemia, hypercalcemia, and pituitary dysfunction usually respond well to treatment.

Complications

Recurrent tumors may develop.

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider you notice symptoms of MEN I.

Prevention

Screening of close relatives of people affected with this disorder is recommended.

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